Alpert, Geoffrey et al. "Police Pursuits and the Use of Force: Recognizing and Managing "The Pucker Factor"."Police Misconduct: A Reader for the 21st Century, editor Michael J. Palmiotto, 291-303. Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice Hall Publishing, 2001.
Call Number: HV 8141 .P583 2001
Abstract: Examines the nature and extent of force used to take a suspect into custody after a pursuit. While most officers act professionally after a pursuit, some become anxious and tend to use excessive force. Suggestions on reform to policies and training are made.

Brown, Jodi M. and Patrick A. Langan Ph. D. Policing and Homicide, 1976-98: Justifiable Homicide by Police, Police Officers Murdered by Felons. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001.
Call Number: J 29.2:H 65/976-98
Abstract: This report contains statistics on both the justifiable homicide of felons by police, and the murder of police officers by felons over a 22-year period.

Brubaker, Larry C. "Deadly Force: A 20-Year Study of Fatal Encounters." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 71, no. 4(April 2002): 6-13.
Abstract: Results of a study of the use of deadly force resulting in 80 fatalities over a 20-year period in Minnesota. The study sought to determine the feelings and needs of the officers involved; the conditions, such as time of day or officer assignment, that increase the possibility of the need to use deadly force; better methods to prepare officers through training for such an event; and the relationship between the assignment, experience, training, age, and sex of the officers involved in such incidents.

Burns, Ronald G. and Charles E. Crawford. Policing and Violence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Call Number: HV 8141 .P597 2002
Abstract: Policing and Violence is an introduction and attempt to explain the how and why of police violence. The authors review the history and context of police violence to identify explanations, acknowledging that there are times when violence by police may be necessary, and should be better understood. Chapters dealing with use of deadly force, police pursuits, situational determinants, and training are covered in this text.

Community Relations Service. Police Use of Excessive Force: A Conciliation Handbook for the Police and the Community. 1999: U. S. Department of Justice, 1999.
Call Number: J 23.8:P 75/2
Abstract: Good policing practices are essential in developing community support. Police use of excessive and deadly force can cause turmoil in communities and diminish trust and confidence in the administration of justice. This guidebook was developed to give options for addressing controversy surrounding the use of excessive or deadly force and offers guidelines for resolving community disputes.

DuCharme, Seth D. "The Search for Reasonableness in Use-of-Force Cases: Understanding the Effects of Stress on Perception and Performance." Fordham Law Review 70, no. 6(May 2002): 2514-60.
Notes: Available full text through WilsonWeb.
Abstract: Scientific studies show that high levels of stress, such as when an officer is involved in a life or death situation, dramatically affect an individual's sensory perception and physical performance. Officers who respond forcibly in an encounter can face criminal and civil liability. Consultants and expert witnesses can help develop case strategies that take into account perceptual distortions and performance limitations, but use of such strategy is usually the exception rather than the rule. Relevant experts, consultants, and scientific studies may be unknown to most lawyers. The science behind perceptual, cognitive, and physical functioning in high stress states is explained, and issues that arise in applying the science to litigation are addressed.

Griffin, Marie L. "Influence of Professional Orientation on Detention Officers' Attitudes Toward the Use of Force." Criminal Justice and Behavior 29, no. 3(June 2002): 250-277.
Abstract: Examines which factors contribute to the use of force by correctional officers.

Hall, John C. "Due Process and Deadly Force: When Police Conduct Shocks the Conscience." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 68, no. 2(February 1999): 27-32.
Abstract: Applies provisions in the U.S. Constitution to use of force issues, focusing on the due process clause which prohibits government from depriving any person of "life, liberty, or property, without the due process of law." Discusses when due process applies, the Supreme Court's standard of due process as prohibiting those abuses of government that "shock the conscience," and sites courts cases demonstrating applications of due process.

International Association of Chiefs of Police. Police Use of Force in America: 2001. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2001.
Notes: Available full text on line at: http://www.theiacp.org/documents/pdfs/Publications/2001useofforce.pdf
Abstract: The Final Report of the National Police Use of Force Database Project. Since its inception in 1995, the National Police Use of Force Database Project has sought to improve the manner in which law enforcement agencies capture, maintain, analyze, and utilize use of force data. Its four main goals are to standardize definitions and parameters, create and distribute data collection software, start a pilot program for reporting use of force data, and accept anonymous reports of use of force to create a national database. Details and findings from this project are detailed in this report.

________, "Use of Force." (2001):IACP Model Policies. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2001.
Notes: Located in the IACP Model Policy binders in the Library's Information Services Room.
Abstract: Contains brief background information and the IACP's suggested model policy on use of force by police.

Langan, Patrick A. Ph. D. et al. Contact Between the Police and the Public. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001.
Call Number: J 29.2:P 75/3
Abstract: Findings are provided from a nationally representative survey of nearly 90,000 residents age 16 or older. Detailed information is presented on face-to-face contacts with the police including traffic stops, arrests, handcuffing and incidents of police use of force. The report provides demographic characteristics of citizens and police officers involved in traffic stops and use of force encounters.

Lathrop, Sam W. "Reviewing Use of Force: A Systematic Approach." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 69, no. 10(October 2000): 16.
Abstract: Law enforcement agencies are frequently asked to scrutinize their officers' use of force. They must establish not only firm guidelines on the use of force, but must also establish a method to evaluate the effectiveness and judiciousness of such actions. The Beloit, Wisconsin, Police Department has implemented a three-step systematic approach, along with evaluation criteria, to use of force review. The author discusses their system of review.

Lawrence, Regina G. The Politics of Force: Media and the Construction of Police Brutality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
Call Number: P 94.5 .P64 L38 2000
Abstract: Written from a journalist's point of view to better understand why some events become major news stories. Explores how the media's reporting of police use of force shapes public opinion about policing.

Roberts, John E. "Suicide by Cop Syndrome: How Law Enforcement Successfully Can Meet the Challenge."Suicide and Law Enforcement Donald C. and Janet I. Warren Sheehan, 689-93. Quantico, VA: Behavioral Science Unit, 2001.
Call Number: J 1.14/2:S 84X
Abstract: Studies indicate that as many as one in every six officer-related shootings involve Suicide by Cop Syndrome (SBC). In training an officer to identify suicidal characteristics, it is important to address the balance of giving information and possibly generating hesitation on the part of the officer to react appropriately. The author contends that public allegations of excessive force should not prompt departments to make changes in training programs and policies that would subject officers to unnecessary risks. Instead, proper liability training, coupled with clearly written policies mirroring the law, will provide officers with information they need to make intelligent decisions when faced with a deadly force situation.

Rogers, Donna. "Use of Force: Agencies Need to Have a Continuum and Officers Need to Be Able to Articulate It." Law Enforcement Technology 28, no. 3(March 2001): 82-86.
Abstract: In a split second an officer has to be able to make a right decision regarding the use of force, and be able to defend that decision in a court of law. A use of force continuum is the amount of force permitted by an officer in direction relation to the amount of force a suspect is using. Training organizations and law enforcement agencies have tried for decades to devise policies that dictate an officer's best response. To control excessive force, agencies need to not only have a force continuum, but to be able to recognize where acts of force fall on their continuum and defend that force to a jury.

Ross, Darrell L. "Assessing the Patterns of Citizen Resistance During Arrests." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 68, no. 6(June 1999): 5-11.
Abstract: Deciding whether use of force is reasonable requires consideration of both the suspect's Fourth Amendment rights and the interest of the state to maintain order. Though no precise test of reasonableness exists, the U.S. Supreme Court established five important factors to evaluate the facts in alleged cases of excessive force, one being whether the suspect was actively resisting arrest. The author analyzed various types of citizen resistance against officers during common types of arrest circumstances. Identifying common types of resistance may enhance an officer's ability to determine and justify the appropriate degree of force.

Sewell, James D. Ph. D. "Police Officer's Ethical Use of Force."Police Misconduct: A Reader for the 21st Century, editor Michael J. Palmiotto, 185-97. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Publishing, 2001.
Call Number: HV 8141 .P583 2001
Abstract: The use of force is a tool which officers must employ from time to time to protect themselves and society. It is an inevitable part of policing. The definitive issue is the ethical use of such force. In discussing this, a number of questions are addressed: How do we define the ethical use of force? What is the extent of police use of force? How do we continue to assure the ethical use of force by our police personnel? The author discusses answers to these questions.

Stetser, Merle. The Use of Force in Police Control of Violence: Incidents Resulting in Assaults on Officers. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing, LLC, 2001.
Call Number: HV 8148 .H7 S74 2001
Abstract: The use of force by police is rare and data difficult to measure; consequently, little research has been done. Stetser, a research analyst with the Honolulu Police Department, read and analyzed police reports of 450 incidents resulting in assaults on Honolulu police officers in 1994, 1996, and 1998. Her study begins with a review of case law on the use of force and a brief background of the relevant laws and standards. She discusses research methodology and continuum models on the use of force, then presents a summary of her findings and concludes with a dozen hypotheses, and a suggestion for policy change.

U. S. Department of Justice. "Use of Force."Principles for Promoting Police Integrity: Examples of Promising Practices and Policies. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2001.
Abstract: A four-page section of the Department of Justice's "Principles for Promoting Police Integrity" publication covers the use of force. Discussed are the general policy, deadly force, nondeadly force, continuum of force, use of canines to apprehend suspects, administrative review of shootings and use of deadly force, use of force reporting, and administrative review of nondeadly force.

White, Michael D. "Controlling Police Decisions to Use Deadly Force: Reexamining the Importance of Administrative Policy." Crime & Delinquency 47, no. 1(January 2001): 131-51.
Abstract: Weighs the effectiveness of administrative policy against the personal philosophies and policies of the chief in identifying mechanisms that can effectively control police officers' decisions to use deadly force. Describes the research methods used and reports the results of a study using data for a period of more than two decades.

Williams, George T. "Force Continuums." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 71, no. 6(June 2002): 14-19.
Abstract: In the late 1960s, law enforcement trainers started developing use of force continuums to assist officers in properly employing force. The utilization of force continuums has become a standard among law enforcement agencies. Do they affect officer safety, though? Are they a liability? The author raises questions and debates the effectiveness and wisdom of use of force continuums.

________. "Reluctance to Use Deadly Force Causes, Consequences, and Cures." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 68 , no. 10(October 1999): 1-5.
Abstract: Addresses how to overcome the natural reluctance to kill another human when the need for deadly force arises. Discusses training methods that law enforcement agencies are developing not only to overcome that natural reluctance, but also to deal with the emotional and psychological after effects.