Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007. Call Number: DT 516.828 .B43 A3 2007
Abstract: A former child soldier provides a first person account of his experience as a child soldier in Sierra Leone. Indoctrination, fighting, atrocity, social context, intragroup dynamics, and ultimately his rehabilitation are described in detail.

Brevé, Federico. “The Maras: A Menace to the Americas.” Military Review. Vol. 87, No. 4. (July-August 2007): 88-95. Notes: Available on InfoTrac and Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host).
Abstract: Written by the former Minister of Defense of Honduras. The article discusses the role of the maras, their presence in Central America, effects of mara activities, countering the mara threat, preventing their growth, gang member rehabilitation, and then provides some concluding remarks.

Briggs, Jimmie. Innocents Lost: When Child Soldiers Go to War. New York: Basic Books, 2005.
Call Number: UB 418 .C45 B754 2005
Abstract: Written by a freelance journalist and teacher. Over 250,000 children are said to be fighting in three-dozen conflicts around the globe. Provides case studies of child soldiers in Rwanda, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Uganda, and Afghanistan.

Bruneau, Thomas C. “The Maras and National Security in Central America.” Strategic Insights. Vol. 4, No. 5. (May 2005): 1-12.
Internet: http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/2005/May/bruneauMay05.pdf.
Abstract: Bruneau provides a review of maras in Central America. Mara salvatrucha (MS-13) and Eighteenth Street (M-18), two Los Angeles gangs that migrated south are discussed in detail. National security concerns emerging from transnational gangs in Central America and the United States are also discussed.

Bunker, Robert J. “Street Gangs—Future Paramilitary Groups?” The Police Chief. Vol. 63, No. 6. (June 1996): 54-59.
Abstract: Voices concern over street gangs someday evolving into a national security threat derived from the new form of non-state soldier emerging across the globe.
Draws upon literature viewing ‘warriors’ as our new opponents and a reevaluation of terrorism as warfare between differing forms of social organization.

Bunker, ed. Robert J., John P. Sullivan, primary contributor. Third Generation Gang Reader. Counter-OPFOR Program Booklet No. 8. Los Angeles, CA: NLECTC-West, February 2006.
Call Number: HV 6439 .U5 S96 2006
Abstract: A collection of writings from 1995 to 2006 that discusses the phenomena and rise of 3GEN Gangs in the Americas. Created as a special limited edition work for Terrorism Early Warning (TEW) Groups and cooperating agencies.

Bunker, Robert J. and John P. Sullivan. “Iraq & the Americas: 3 GEN Gangs Lessons and Prospects.” Small Wars Journal. Vol. 8. (May 2007): 1-5.
Internet: http://www.smallwarsjournal.com/blog/2007/04/iraq-the-americas-3-gen-gangs/. Abstract: The relationships between gangs and tribalism and crime and war are discussed in the context of third generation gangs. The experience of criminal gangs operating within the Iraqi insurgency is assessed to provide potential insights into third generation transnational gangs in the Americas.

Dowdney, Luke. Neither War nor Peace: International Comparisons of Children and Youth in Organised Armed Violence. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2005: Children and Youth in Organised Armed Violence (COAV). Internet: http://www.coav.org.br/publique/media/NewAll.pdf
Abstract: A comprehensive study that provides international comparisons of children involved in organized armed violence (child soldiers and gangs). Includes a discussion of risk factors, historical perspectives, personal histories, recruitment and involvement processes, future perspectives, and potential responses. Also includes country reports from: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Jamaica, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Philippines, South Africa, USA.

Dowdney, Luke. Children of the Drug Trade: a case study of children in organized armed violence in Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2003: Children and Youth in Organised Armed Violence (COAV). Internet: http://www.coav.org.br/publique/media/livroluke_eng.pdf
Abstract: Over 5,000 children are involved in armed factions that support Rio’s drug trade. This study looks at the historical factors of children involved in Rio’s drug gangs, assesses the impact of territorialization on favela communities, and offers potential solutions to child soldiers and gangs involved in organized criminal enterprises.

Downie, Andrew. “Brazil gang takes on state.” Christian Science Monitor. May 16, 2006. Internet: http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p06s01-woam.html.
Abstract: This journalistic report details the attacks on Brazilian state institutions by a prison gang (the PCC).

Hagedorn, ed. John M. Gangs in the Global City: Alternatives to Traditional Criminology. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2007. Call Number: HV 6437 .G354 2007
Abstract: An edited work stemming from a working conference in Chicago that took place in 2002. The work is divided into theoretical perspectives, spaces of globalization, identities of resistance, response to neoliberalism, and a concluding section. Draws upon social movement literature and the editor promotes a “interstitial/institutional’ gang typology.

Haussler, Nicholas I. Third Generation Gangs Revisited: The Iraq Insurgency. Thesis. Monterey, CA: Naval Post Graduate School, September 2005: 1-127. Call Number: JC 328.65 .I62 H29 2005 Notes: Available online at http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/theses/haussler05.pdf.
Abstract: This Naval Postgraduate School Masters Thesis applies third generation gang theory to the criminal bands operating within the insurgency in Iraq. An overview of insurgency and gang theories provides the foundation for the Iraqi case study.

Honwana, Alcinda. Child Soldiers in Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, Press, 2007. Call Number: HQ784.W3 H66 2006.
Abstract: The author draws upon her child soldier fieldwork in Angola and Mozambique and studies she conducted for the UN and the Social Science Research Council. The work looks at the recruitment of children, what they encounter, and how they come to terms with their actions. Concludes with information on child soldier demobilization, rehabilitation, and social reintegration.

Manwaring, Max G. Street Gangs: The New Urban Insurgency. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, March 2005. Call Number: HV 6252 .M36 2005 Notes: Available online at http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/display.cfm ?pubID=597.
Abstract: The author explains the linkage of contemporary street gangs (that is, the gang phenomenon or third generation gangs) to insurgency in terms of the instability it wreaks upon governments and the concomitant challenge to state sovereignty. The ultimate objective of some insurgents and 3GEN Gangs is to depose or control the governments of targeted countries.

Manwaring, Max G. “Gangs and Coups D’ Streets in the New World Disorder: Protean Insurgents in Post-modern War.” Robert J. Bunker, ed. Global Crime, special issue on Criminal-States and Criminal-Soldiers. Vol. 7, No. 3-4. (August-November 2006): 505-543.
Abstract: Provides an overview of the new kind of war being waged in Central America by the mutation of protean ‘street gangs’ to insurgents. Discusses failed state status and the blurring of crime and war. Promotes an analysis of the overlap between 3GEN Gangs and early terrorists and how the Italian experience with defeating the Red Brigades can serve as a model to help neutralize 3 GEN Gangs.

Peters, Ralph. “The New Warrior Class.” Parameters. Vol. 24, No. 2. (Summer 1994): 16-26.
Notes: Available on InfoTrac, Wilson Web, and Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host.)
Abstract: The US will face enemies from the mid-1990s on that are not ‘soldiers’ fielded by nation-states but ‘warriors’ belonging to a multitude of non-state groups. These warriors are ‘erratic primitives of shifting allegiance, habituated to violence, with no stake in civil order’. The work outlines four pools from which these warriors will be drawn and the ensuing implications for the US Army.

Rogers, Joseph. “Gangs and Terrorists in the Americas: An Unlikely Nexus.” Journal of Gang Research. Vol. 12, No. 2. (Winter 2007): 19-30.
Abstract: The paper argues that the nexus between al Qaeda and local Hispanic U.S. gangs is unlikely and it also shows how homeland security policies derived from such assumptions have potentially serious, unintended consequences. As an example gang enforcement and prosecution activities could then conceivably resemble anti-terrorism efforts.

Rosen, David M. Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism.
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005. Call Number: UB416 .R67 2005.
Abstract: An introductory essay is presented on war and childhood. The work then provides three case studies of children in conflict: Jewish children in combat against the Germans in the Second World War, child soldiers fighting in Sierra Leone, and Palestinian children fighting against Israel. Includes a concluding section.

Singer, Peter W. Children at War. New York: Pantheon Books, 2005. Call Number: UB416 .S56 2005.
Abstract: An essential primer on child soldiers and evolving conflict. Discusses children at war, the process and results of child soldiers, and potential responses to the child soldier problem. Blends research, first-hand accounts, and testimony.

Sullivan, John P. “Third Generation Street Gangs: Turf, Cartels, and Net Warriors.” Transnational Organized Crime. Vol. 3, No. 3. (Autumn 1997): 95-108.
Abstract: Defines third generation gang theory to describe the evolutionary potential of street gangs. Defines three generation of gangs. First generation gangs are traditional turf gangs, second generation gangs are drug oriented, and third generation gangs have mercenary or terrorist potential. Sophistication, internationalization, and politicization are the variables that determine a gang’s position.

Sullivan, John P. “Urban Gangs Evolving as Criminal Netwar Actors.” Small Wars and Insurgencies. Vol. 11, No. 1. (Spring 2000): 82-96.
Abstract: Discusses the network potentials of non-state actors using third generation gang theory as an example. The three generations of street gangs are detailed to describe how criminal organizations may evolve to challenge state institutions.

Sullivan, John P. “Gangs, Hooligans, and Anarchists—The Vanguard of Netwar in the Streets.” John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds. Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001. Call Number: HV6773 .N47 2001
Abstract: Discusses gang evolution in the context of netwar. Three generations of gangs are discussed. Turf motivations of traditional street gangs are compared with soccer hooligans. Organized crime and terrorist relationships are also discussed. The netwar potential of gangs, hooligans, and anarchists is also evaluated.

Sullivan, John P. “Child Soldiers: Warriors of Despair.” Small Wars Journal. Vol. 2. (July 2005): 36-42. Internet: http://smallwarsjournal.com/documents/swjmag/v2/sullivan.htm.
Abstract: Review essay describes the current child soldier situation and postulates links between child soldiers and gangs as expressions of children in organized armed violence.

Sullivan, John P. “Maras Morphing: Revisiting Third Generation Gangs.” Robert J. Bunker, ed. Global Crime, special issue on Criminal-States and Criminal-Soldiers. Vol. 7, No. 3-4. (August-November 2006): 487-504.
Abstract: Updates earlier works by Sullivan on third generation gangs (3 GEN Gangs). Includes detailed examples of transnational gangs such as Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and their potential reach and impact. A description of prison gangs in Brazil (the PCC) is also included as is a discussion of gangs and child soldiers as variants of children in organized violence in global slums.

Sullivan, John P. and Robert J. Bunker. “Drug Cartels, Street Gangs, and Warlords.” Non-State Threats and Future Wars . London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2003. Call Number: UA10.5 .N65 2003
Abstract: Reviews actual and potential evolution of drug cartels, street gangs, and warlords from hierarchical organizations to internetted transnational criminal actors that may become new warmaking entities that challenge the state.

Sullivan, John P. and Martin E. Silverstein. “The Disaster Within Us: Urban Conflict and Street Gang Violence in Los Angeles.” Journal of Gang Research. Vol. 2, No. 4. (Summer 1995): 8-27.
Abstract: Provides a detailed case study of gang violence and its impacts within Los Angeles County. An early study assessing the ‘conflict disaster’ and national security threat potentials of gang violence.

Compiled by Dr. Robert J. Bunker, 2007 FIR, and John P. Sullivan, 7/07