Anonymous. "Interpreting Racial Profiling Data." TELEMASP Bulletin (November 2001-December 2001): pp. 1-7.
Notes: Available full text on Criminal Justice Periodicals (CJPI).
Abstract: The passage of Senate Bill 1074 by the 77th session of the Texas State Legislature has placed a new and substantial responsibility upon Texas police agencies. The bill mandates that effective January 1, 2002, every agency in the state compile data regarding the race/ethnicity of persons issued traffic citations. Several issues pertaining to appropriate analysis of such data are discussed.

________. "Special Report II: Racial Profiling--Overcoming the Perception of Racial Profiling." Law & Order (April 2001): pp. 94-101.
Abstract: A summary is presented of events and actions taking place throughout the US that are raising the visibility of the problem of racial profiling and influencing the public perception as to its pervasiveness. The picture that develops from the summary illustrates the often reactive, fractured, antagonistic and controversial strategy that has dominated the public discussion to date.

Carrick, Grady. "Professional Police Traffic Stops: Strategies to Address Racial Profiling." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (November 2000): pp. 8-10.
Abstract: The law enforcement response to racial profiling, termed "professional police traffic stops," can ensure that officers base their behavior on sound legal reason, safety for officers and citizens and the accepted standards of modern policing. Strategies law enforcement officers can adopt to address racial profiling are discussed.

Cox, Stephen M. "Special Report I: Racial Profiling--Refuting Concerns About Collecting Race Data on Traffic Stops." Law & Order (October 2001): pp. 60-64.
Abstract: As incidents and accusations of racial profiling continue to appear in the media, states and municipalities are constantly under pressure to collect race-based traffic data. The purpose of collecting this data is to determine if police officers are stopping a high percentage of racial and ethnic minority drivers and treating them differently from non minority drivers. Cox discusses the prevalence of racial profiling in law enforcement agencies.

Engel, Robin Shepard, et al. "Theory and Racial Profiling: Shortcomings and Future Directions in Research." Justice Quarterly (June 2002): pp. 249-73.
Abstract: The volatile political environment that surrounds the issue of "racial profiling" has led local and state police agencies across the nation to start collecting information about traffic and pedestrian stops. The controversy over this issue is overwhelmed by the unsupported assumption that all race-based decision making by police officers is motivated by individual police officers' racial prejudice. This article reviews recently published studies on racial profiling and critiques both their methods and conclusions.

Fredrickson, Darin D. and Raymond P. Siljander. Racial Profiling. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2002. Call Number: HV 8141.F67 2002
Abstract: This book was written to eliminate confusion regarding what has come to be called racial profiling by clarifying the legitimate law enforcement practice of criminal profiling, and by clarifying what constitutes unfair discrimination and persecution. The writers acknowledge that while criminal profiling is a necessary and legitimate law enforcement practice, unchecked bias can pollute the practice.

Gabbidon, Shaun L. "Racial Profiling by Store Clerks and Security Personnel in Retail Establishments: An Exploration of "Shopping While Black"." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice (August 2003): pp. 345-64.
Abstract: This article examines Shopping While Black (SWB), which is the practice of racial profiling in retail settings. The study couches this form of racial profiling under the following three criminological perspectives: labeling theory, conflict theory and the colonial model. Based on a review of the literature and an analysis of appellate cases at the state and federal levels, the author concludes that, like racial profiling in automobiles, the concept of SWB requires serious scholarly attention. Given the nature of the problem, the following represent viable strategies to reduce such profiling: require clerks and security personnel to receive education on the perils of racial profiling, encourage victims of profiling to sue retailers who engage in these practices, and work with civil rights groups to organize boycotts. It concludes by urging federal officials to increase current levels of funding to study and remedy these discriminatory practices.

Garrett, Ronnie L. "Changing Behavior Begins With Data." Law Enforcement Technology (April 2001): pp. 100-08.
Abstract: Collecting traffic stop data helps chiefs and commanders determine whether officers are stopping or searching a disproportionate number of minorities. It enables them to act on this information in a timely fashion.

Grigg, William Norman. "Erasing the 'Thin Blue Line'." The New American (September 24, 2001): pp. 10-16.
Notes: Available full text on Infotrac.
Abstract: In major cities across the nation, criminals are winning the war for the streets--not because they are better armed or better organized than the police, but because police have simply withdrawn from the battlefield. They have done so not out of cowardice or indifference, but because it has become all but impossible to enforce the law in predominantly black neighborhoods without incurring charges of 'racism'.

Harris, David A. Profiles in Injustice: Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work. New York: New Press, 2002. Call Number: HV 8141.H298 2002
Abstract: Building a strong case that police can fight crime effectively while treating all citizens respectfully, Profiles in Injustice concludes with concrete examples of police strategies and tactics that have produced better, more effective law enforcement without allowing the poison of racial and ethnic bias to infect police work.

Huntington, Roy [ed.] "Profiling: Suddenly Politically Correct?" Police (December 2001): pp. 18-20.
Abstract: In the wake of WTC and Pentagon attacks, has it become 'okay' to profile certain kinds of criminals?

Kruger, Karen J. "Collecting Statistics in Response to Racial Profiling Allegations." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (May 2002): pp. 8-12.
Abstract: To prevent allegations of racial profiling, law enforcement agencies must take additional steps to ensure that the numbers they collect accurately reflect reality and support the positive enforcement and crime prevention efforts that they conduct. The process of collecting and analyzing the data concerning racial profiling is discussed.

Lundman, Richard J. and Robert L. Kaufman. "Driving While Black: Effects of Race, Ethnicity and Gender on Citizen Self-Reports of Traffic Stops and Police Actions." Criminology (February 2003): pp. 195-209.
Abstract: Are African American men, compared with white men, more likely to report being stopped by police for traffic law violations? Are African American men and Hispanic drivers less likely to report that police had a legitimate reason for the stop and less likely to report that police acted properly? This study answers these questions using citizen self-reports of their traffic stop encounters with the police. The study also discusses the validity of citizen self-report data and outlines an agenda for future research.

MacDonald, Heather. "The Myth of Racial Profiling." Spring 2001. [ http://www.city-journal.org/html/11_2_the_myth.html]. 29 September 2003.
Abstract: There's no credible evidence that racial profiling exists, yet the crusade to abolish it threatens a decade's worth of crime-fighting success.

Markowitz, Michael W. and Delores D. Jones-Brown. System in Black and White: Exploring the Connections Between Race, Crime, and Justice. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000. Call Number: HV 6197.U5S97 2000
Abstract: Focuses on the nexus between race and crime in the United States; subscribes to the belief that race, as a singular biological factor, does not predispose any group toward certain types of behavior.

Meehan, Albert J. and Michael C. Ponder. "Race and Place: The Ecology of Racial Profiling African American Motorists." Justice Quarterly (September 2002): pp. 399-432.
Abstract: Meehan and Ponder propose an ecological dimension to racial profiling by comparing the distribution of drivers on the roadways with officers' proactive surveillance and stop behavior in a predominantly white suburban community bordering a predominantly African American community. African Americans are subject to significant racial profiling, as reflected in disproportionate surveillance and stopping by the police when driving through whiter areas. Officers' behavior is not explained by African Americans' criminality because the "hit rates" for African American drivers are lower in whiter areas. Profiling is sensitive to race and place and manifests itself organizationally, reflecting community patterns of residential segregation.

Meeks, Kenneth. Driving While Black. New York : Broadway , 2000. Call Number: HV 8141.M39 2000
Abstract: Defines the system officially known as CARD (class, age, race, dress) and offers advice about how to handle potentially life-threatening situations with the police, as well as recourse for readers who suspect their civil rights have been denied due to racial profiling.

National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). A Noble Perspective: Racial Profiling: A Symptom of Bias-Based Policing. Alexandria, VA: NOBLE, 2001. Call Number: HV 8141.N62 2001 Notes: Available from library staff.
Abstract: Racial profiling is one of the most critical issues facing law enforcement today. Law enforcement's denial and refusal to address this issue has led to the deterioration of public trust and confidence in the criminal justice system, and has strained police and community relations. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive approach to address the issue of bias-based policing and racial profiling in law enforcement.

O'Reilly, James T. Police Traffic Stops and Racial Profiling. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 2002. Call Number: HV 8141.O74 2002
Abstract: The text examines the numbers, the advocacy arguments and the practical realities of the "racial profiling" controversy. By applying logic, common sense and police community relations, the author shows how the successful police manager will deal with the issues without enduring personal or career disaster for the attempt. By taking apart the complex topic and showing its meaning, significance and consequential events, it is hoped that this book will facilitate solutions where currently there is confusion and alarm.

Ramirez, Deborah et al. A Resource Guide on Racial Profiling Data Collection Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2000. Call Number: J 1. 8/2:R 11/2
Abstract: This document provides an overview of the nature of racial profiling; a description of data collection and its purpose; current activities in California, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Great Britain; and recommendations for the future.

Raterman, Max T. "Investigating Profiling-Related Complaints." Police Department Disciplinary Bulletin (October 2002): pp. 2-3. Notes: Available full text on CJPI.
Abstract: Despite a sort of national soul searching over the issue since the horrific events of September 11, claims of improper profiling will probably persist for the foreseeable future. It's up to police administrators to develop and adhere to the types of policies and procedures that serve the public, yet protect the rights of officers when investigating theses claims. In many instances, police agencies need to develop a more proactive approach, which will help in getting ahead of this volatile issue. It's better for the agency to have answers about the profiling debate than to have answers provided by outsiders who have ulterior motives and an anti-police bias. The place to start is with clear expectations and policies.

Schott, Richard G. "The Role of Race in Law Enforcement." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (November 2001): pp. 24-32.
Abstract: Explores the historical perspective of the use of race in the law, examines the constitutional challenges available to victims of racial profiling, and offers suggestions to rebut allegations of improper racial profiling.

Smith, Michael R. and Geoffrey P. Alpert. "Searching for Direction: Courts, Social Science, and the Adjudication of Racial Profiling Claims." Justice Quarterly (December 2002): pp. 673-703.
Abstract: Reviews the methodological and analytical weaknesses inherent in most of the research on racial profiling and illustrates how these weaknesses have caused problems for courts in deciding racial profiling claims. It also presents a methodological strategy for curing many defects in previous racial profiling studies, thereby providing courts with a sound basis for deciding equal protection-based claims that often rely on statistical evidence.

Trende, Sean P. "Why Modest Proposals Offer the Best Solution for Combating Racial Profiling." Duke Law Journal (October 2000): pp. 331-74. Notes: Available full text on Infotrac database.
Abstract: This article attempts to strike a middle ground between unreserved condemnation of profiling and defending the basically indefensible. It pays some deference to the justifications cited by defenders of the practice: that, there probably is some rational basis for profiling and that combating profiling may well impede anti-crime efforts. However, the article also strongly condemns the practice as antithetical to modern American ideals of fairness and equality. Rather than completely favoring one set of considerations over the other, as most commentators have done, this article endeavors to find an acceptable solution that accords appropriate weight to each set of concerns.