"The Campaign for Safer and Smarter Police Pursuits." 2004. [http://www.pursuitwatch.org].
Abstract: The goal of the organization is to educate the public, police and the press about police pursuits. Provides a resource for law enforcement for the development and implementation of safe and responsible pursuit policy.

Alpert, Geoffrey P. Police in Pursuit: Policy and Practice. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, 1996. Call Number: HV8080.P9 P65 1996 AV Notes: VHS, (50 minutes) color.
Abstract: Examines a variety of issues related to the policy and practice of police vehicular pursuits, including the outcomes of police pursuits, the offenses that occasion pursuits, reasons why suspects run from police, police attitudes toward pursuits, and department policy toward pursuits.

Alpert, Geoffrey P. and Lorie A. Firdell. Police Vehicles and Firearms: Instruments of Deadly Force. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland, 1992. Call Number: HV 8080.P9 A47 1992
Abstract: Pursuit driving must be looked at with the understanding that police serve the state and the state's interest, not the individual citizen. Law enforcement agencies must have rules, regulations, training and supervision to control the discretion of their officers. Written and enforced policies are necessary for the proper management of all law enforcement functions.

Alpert, Geoffrey P. and Roger C. Dunham. Police Pursuit Driving: Controlling Responses to Emergency Situations. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. Call Number: HV8080.P9 A46 1990
Abstract: The purpose of this monograph is to analyze another form of potential deadly force, the police pursuit. When an officer becomes engaged in a chase, the vehicles involved become potential dangerous weapons. The analogy between shootings and pursuits used here is informative, but the comparisons between vehicles and guns must be interpreted in a cautious manner. Injuries resulting from police use of firearms are most often intended, as officers are trained to shoot center mass. Injuries and damages resulting from police pursuit driving are most often accidental, as a vehicle should be used as a weapon in only the most extreme case. As more information about police pursuit driving is gathered and analyzed, results from research on the use of firearms must be incorporated, but recommendations for one must not be attached blindly to the other.

Alpert, Geoffrey P., et al. Police Pursuits: What We Know. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2000. Call Number: HV8080.P9 P65 2000
Abstract: Police Pursuits: What We Know goes beyond previous pursuit research by compiling extensive data from four diverse sites and a national survey, and examining the issue not only from the police perspective, but from the perspectives of the public and offenders as well. The book also summarizes and builds on some key prior research, examines liability and risk-management issues, and makes specific policy recommendations for police agencies.

American Justice. Hot Pursuit. New York: A&E Home Video, 1996. Call Number: HV8080.P9 H68 1996 AV Notes: VHS, (50 minutes), color.
Abstract: Go behind the scenes with American Justice as we examine real-life pursuits conducted by land, air and sea.

Anonymous. "High-Speed Vehicle Pursuit: A Decision Making Matrix." Crime & Justice International (May/June 2004): pp. 30+.
Abstract: The determination of liability with respect to high-speed pursuits has become an analytical puzzle due to what may appear to be inconsistent decisions by various courts. When federal court decisions are broken down, they can provide officers with a level of guidance for conduct during pursuits.

Anonymous. "Wrongful Death--Car Chase Leaves Innocent Bystander Dead." Police Department Disciplinary Bulletin (January 2003): pp. 6-7. Notes: Available full text on Proquest (CJPI)
Abstract: In "Nguyen v. City of Westminster," the Court of Appeals of California affirmed a lower court ruling that the city was immune from liability for the death of a bystander injured in a police pursuit of a stolen vehicle.

Bellah, John. "Cutting Out the Chase." Police (April 2003): pp. 28-31.
Abstract: Tragic accidents involving innocent motorists have forced some law enforcement agencies to modify their pursuit policies.

________. " How to Conduct a High-Speed Pursuit." Police (April 2003): pp. 22+.
Abstract: Because you never know what will happen, always be prepared for a pursuit. Keep your vehicle and yourself in working order, know your department's pursuit policies, and be ready for whatever comes your way.

Blades, Steven D. "In Hot Pursuit." Police (July 2002): pp. 66-7.
Abstract: There are numerous concerns that an officer must consider before putting the pedal to the metal. While police pursuits are a necessary part of police work and should not be banned, officers should be aware of the potential danger and terminate pursuits when the risk of injury outweighs the benefit of catching the suspect.

Bombardier Productions. Police in Pursuit. West Long Beach, NJ: White Star, 1990. Call Number: HV8080.P9 P65 1990 AV Notes: VHS, (43 minutes): color.
Abstract: A series of video recordings made by British police in "hot pursuit" of traffic offenses.

Bondurant, Bob and Edwin Snow. Bob Bondurant on Police and Pursuit Driving. Osceola, WI: MBI, 2000. Call Number: HV8080.P9 B65 2000
Abstract: This comprehensive volume follows the curriculum of the Bondurant School's respected law enforcement driving course. It is an ideal reference for public safety personnel and it also provides behind-the-scenes insights for driving enthusiasts.

Chemerinsky, Erwin. "High-Speed Chases." Trial (February 2001): pp. 26-27.
Abstract: Under what circumstances can the government or government officers be held liable for injuries that result from high-speed police chases? In County of Sacramento v. Lewis, the U.S. Supreme Court made recovery by injured plaintiffs extremely difficult. The Court held that due process is violated only if the officers' behavior "shocks the conscience," which requires demonstrating that the officers acted with intent of causing harm to the victim.

Connor, Greg. "Re-Examining Pursuit Related Roadblocks." Law & Order (May 2002): pp. 22-3.
Abstract: For years, roadblocks have been utilized as a last resort by many agencies when a pursued suspect continues to place innocent drivers and pedestrians at risk of serious bodily harm or death. By re-examining the essential elements of roadblock design and deployment, officers and agencies may recognize the value and viability of one of law enforcement's most traditional and tested tactics.

________. "Wrong Paradigm?: Pursuit Terms and Tactics." Law & Order (July 2003): pp. 64, 66.
Abstract: If law enforcement is going to continue to engage in the practice of police pursuits, it must integrate a goal of control into its paradigm of performance. Such a position would require an agency to continue its focus on the foundations of its function, including those fundamental facets of a pursuit. In this manner, professional law enforcement can more adequately address the idiosyncrasies of this critical enforcement task, and pro-actively design and deliver an integrated and trained response.

Crandell, Doug. "High Speed High Stakes." Atlanta (November 2005): pp. 76, 78. Notes: Available full text on Wilsonweb
Abstract: One person dies every day as a result of police pursuits, the majority of which begin after routine traffic violations.

Daniels, Wayne and Lynette Spratley. "Brainpower Not Horsepower: Teaching Officers How to End Pursuits." Law & Order (July 2003): pp. 85-89.
Abstract: Teaching officers to know when and how to pursue a fleeing vehicle is not enough. Officers have to be taught when and how to end a pursuit. The parameters of pursuit are set by departmental policy and every officer with keys to a patrol car must know how to apply that policy properly.

Daniels, Wayne H. "Training for Pursuit Driving." Law & Order (November 2000): pp. 80-3.
Abstract: Police pursuit driving classes should have two distinct parts, a classroom session and a hands-on driving component on a course designed by an instructor. Liability issues that pertain to pursuit driving must be thoroughly explained.

Hicks, Wendy L. "Police Vehicular Pursuits: An Overview of Research and Legal Conceptualizations for Police Administrators." Criminal Justice Policy Review (March 2003): pp. 75-95.
Abstract: Research into the realm of police pursuits is fraught with many complex, often conflicting methodologies, findings and legal decisions. This article attempts to make sense of some of the scholarly attempts that have been made to date. Many studies have presented pursuits as posing serious safety risks to the general public, whereas other research has found pursuits to be relatively safe. Ultimately, it remains the responsibility of policy makers and administrators to devise and implement effective, efficient guidelines with regard to vehicular pursuits. Only through improving written policy will negative outcomes such as accidents, injuries, fatalities and litigation wane. New tactics and devices with proven technological potential are described.

Hill, John. "High-Speed Police Pursuits: Dangers, Dynamics, and Risk Reduction." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (July 2002): pp. 14-18.
Abstract: High-speed police pursuits and the inherent risk of injury and death that can result constitute an important law enforcement and police safety issue. Research indicates that too many restraints placed on the police regarding pursuits can put the public at risk. On the other hand, insufficient controls on police pursuits can result in needless accidents and injuries.

Lesh, David. "Reducing Civil Liability Related to High-Speed Pursuits." Sheriff (March/April 2003): pp. 29-30.
Abstract: One of the biggest challenges facing law enforcement in the coming years is the need to reduce civil liability from collisions related to high-speed pursuits. This article offers a number of practical, low-cost suggestions to reduce civil liability stemming from these, sometimes tragic events.

Loberg, Gary. "Pursuit Driving: What Sheriffs Need to Know." Sheriff (March/April 2003): pp. 28-9.
Abstract: It behooves sheriffs and law enforcement executives to be familiar with the case law by which their agencies will be judged. The law enforcement leader must consider many factors when writing a pursuit policy. Among these are moral and ethical considerations.
Martin, Jeff. "Pursuit Termination: A Lifesaver?" Law & Order (July 2001): pp. 30-33.
Abstract: Because the belief that fleeing suspects will begin driving safely when pursuing police units terminate pursuits, plaintiffs and certain interest groups hold law enforcement professionals responsible for the resulting tragedies. Due to the tendency by detractors and plaintiffs to put law enforcement professionals in a position of such culpability, as well as the limited research on this topic, a survey of police helicopter (air-support) crews from across the country was performed to obtain information about suspect driving behavior after ground units have terminated pursuits.

O'Connor, Patrick T. and Jr. William L. Norse. "Police Pursuits: A Comprehensive Look at the Broad Spectrum of Police Pursuit Liability and Law." Mercer Law Review (Winter 2006): pp. 11-48. Notes: Available full text on Westlaw
Abstract: This article focuses on the legal liability associated with law enforcement officers and municipalities for injuries arising out of high-speed pursuits and emergency responses. It also discusses other forces and trends involved in the realm of police pursuit law.

Owens, Michael Douglas. "The Inherent Constitutionality of the Police Use of Deadly Force to Stop Dangerous Pursuits." Mercer Law Review : pp. 1599-643. Notes: Available full text on Westlaw
Abstract: It is the position of this paper that whenever someone uses a vehicle to flee unlawfully from the police, the police are justified in using deadly force to end the pursuit if the suspect drives in any manner inconsistent with the safe operation of a vehicle. Not only is deadly force constitutional in these circumstances, it is warranted both from a tactical and "interests of society" perspective. In short, the risks of injury or death from police pursuits should be upon the violators who, by their flight, create the risks, rather than upon the citizenry in general. This article will illustrate the inherent constitutionality of using deadly force.

Peterson, Craig. "Why Cops Can't Drive." [http://www.policeone.com/pc_print.asp?vid=129741].
Abstract: "It costs too much." That’s the usual answer to the seldom-asked question: Why don't we spend more on training to mold our officers into superior drivers? At first glance the objection to this cost appears valid. Departments don't have a spare $10 million to construct a driver-training facility, and many commanders blanch at the thought of taking an experienced officer out of service for a week and laying out big bucks for advanced driver training. But, while most departments ignore the toll in mangled police vehicles and officers injured or killed, not to mention the collateral damage inflicted on the public, simply accepting it as the unavoidable byproduct of police work, two departments, Fairfax County and San Bernardino County, have acted to change the status quo and fix the problem.

Pipes, Chris and Dominick Pape. "Police Pursuits and Civil Liability." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (July 2001): pp. 16-21.
Abstract: As many as 40 percent of all motor vehicle police pursuits end in collisions and some of these result in nearly 300 deaths each year of police officers, offenders or innocent third party individuals. Because many police pursuits result in accidents and injuries, agencies and officers become subjects of civil lawsuits. Initiated in state or federal courts, these lawsuits have resulted cumulatively in case law that directs law enforcement agencies to develop pursuit policies. The U.S. Supreme Court recently issued a ruling that has changed the threshold of negligence before an agency or officer can be held liable, which will impact police agencies across the United States.

Rivara, F. P. and C.D. Mack. "Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths Related to Police Pursuits in the United States." Injury Prevention vol.10, no. 2(2004): pp. 93-5.
Abstract: There were 2654 fatal crashes involving 3965 vehicles and 3146 fatalities during a nine- year study period. Of these, 1088 were people not in the fleeing vehicle. These crashes often occurred at high speed, in the night, on local roads. Most of the pursued drivers had prior motor vehicle-related convictions. Many deaths related to police pursuits are to innocent victims. Given that most of the pursued drivers had prior convictions, an alternative means of detaining them should be explored.

Sharp, Arthur. "The Dynamics of Vehicle Chases in Real Life." Law & Order (July 2003): pp. 68+.
Abstract: There are two types of police chases: the Hollywood pursuit, in which every police car in a three-state area is involved; and the real pursuits, which rarely involve more than three vehicles. Police activity that is more restricted or controversial than vehicular pursuits may not exist. Contemporary officers cannot take lightly the decision regarding the initiation of a vehicular pursuit. They must carefully weigh all factors included in their departmental policies, the best interests of everyone who might be affected by the decision, etc. Administrators must also keep the same factors in mind as they visit and revisit their policies. Changing vehicular pursuit policies as the situation dictates is advisable, and it may keep Hollywood chases right where they belong: in movies and on television screens.

Singh, Shruti Date. "City Is Tapping the Brakes on Cop Car Chases." Crain's Chicago Business (May 31, 2004): pp. 36-7. Notes: Available full text on Wilsonweb
Abstract: Chicago is among those cities clamping down on pursuits. The number of chases fell 42 percent to 362 last year from 625 in 2002. But the city continues to give its officers wide latitude in deciding whether to put the pedal to the metal. Its year-old policy bans chases for minor traffic offenses or thefts, but leaves other incidents to the officers' discretion.

Vaughan, Nathan. "Overgeneralization of the Hot Pursuit Doctrine Provides Another Blow to the Fourth Amendment in Middletown V. Flinchum." Akron Law Review vol. 37, no. 3(2004): pp. 509-48. Notes: Available full text on Wilsonweb
Abstract: The rule announced in Flinchum allows police to circumvent various Fourth Amendment protections. Additionally, increases in police power are likely to escalate the number of Section 1983 lawsuits filed against law enforcement.

Warren, Rocky and Mitchell Olsen. "Large Vehicle Pursuits and Attacks." Law & Order (July 2002): pp. 26-9.
Abstract: To stop a large vehicle pursuit, where reasonable cause exists, the use of lethal force methods in a way that will most likely result in less-lethal conclusion will be advocated. To accomplish this it is going to take coordination and cooperation of the highest order, both between agencies and individual officers.

Witczak, Tom. "Proactive Pursuit Policies." Law & Order (July 2003): pp. 131-33.
Abstract: All too often, officers get into a pursuit, the adrenaline starts pumping, and they lose track of the purpose of the pursuit, as well as their safety and the safety of the general public. Witczak discusses the different policies on police pursuit operations. He holds that none of the varied positions can stand on their own, and that guidance should be provided for the officers who are out on patrol and need to make a decision on the spot without delay. Not only in a pursuit situation, but also during an emergency response.

Yates, Travis. "Law Enforcement Pursuits: Managing the Risks." WomenPolice (Winter 2004): pp. 10-1.
Abstract: A law enforcement pursuit is one of the most dangerous tasks a police officer performs. Here, Yates stresses four issues that perpetuate the dangers of pursuits within law enforcement agencies.

Yates, Travis. "Police Driving.com." [http://policedriving.com].
Abstract: The site is dedicated to law enforcement driver training with an emphasis on assisting officers and the public with a safer environment as it pertains to police pursuits.