"NIJ Technologies for Public Safety." Law & Order (August 2002): pp. 54-60.
Abstract: The National Institute of Justice's Office of Science and Technology held its "Fourth Annual Technologies for Public Safety in Critical Incident Response," three-day conference in early May. The conference raised the awareness that technology is one of the critical incident response tools, and that knowledge is only useful to those who apply it. This article provides an overview of the conference.

"What's In the Cards?" Security (September 2002): p. 33.
Abstract: High security needs and reaction to the homeland security effort have spurred more use of biometrics--even in systems that use two identifiers. Fingerprints, facial recognition, retina scans, and iris scans may be used on government ID cards. The homeland security national strategy calls for creating smart borders that rely on biometric identification systems to identity terrorists and criminals.

107th Congress. "Strategies for Homeland Defense: A Compilation by the Committee on Foreign Relations." 2001. [http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2001_rpt/sprt107-43.html].
Abstract: As Congress works to ensure that the awful events of September 11 will never be repeated, it has reviewed several recent studies on the threat posed by international terrorism. In recent years, a number of major commissions and distinguished witnesses before Congress have highlighted the emergence of both nation-states and sub-national groups with the desire and the capability to employ asymmetric means, including weapons of mass destruction, to strike at the United States homeland. Their reports and statements have underscored the real vulnerability of the United States in responding to such attacks and mitigating their consequences. This document is a compilation of executive summaries and key excerpts from some of the leading reports on emerging threats to US national security that will help frame the debate on comprehensive legislation to counter terrorism and other threats to US national security.

Analytic Services, Inc. "The ANSER Institute for Homeland Security." [http://www.homelandsecurity.org].
Abstract: The ANSER Institute for Homeland Security is a not-for-profit public-service research organization examining a new set of national security challenges. Initiated and funded by the Board of Trustees of Analytic Services, Inc (ANSER) in October 1999 and formally established in April 2001, the Institute believes that preparing for these new challenges will require a determined, integrated effort at every stage of the process: deterrence, prevention, preemption, crisis management, consequence management, attribution, and response. The Institute is leading the debate through executive-level education, public awareness programs, workshops for policy makers and online publications: a weekly newsletter (with 15,000 subscribers) and the Journal of Homeland Security, which features articles by senior government leaders and leading home security experts.

Anderson, Teresa. "Security Policy Summit Questions Strategy on Homeland Security." Security Management (November 2002): p. 123.
Abstract: At a security policy summit held at the Library of Congress in late September, panelists led discussions on the Homeland Security Act, privacy, and security officer standards. Attendees voiced concern about how the government would safeguard information that private companies might provide about security issues. Another issue is the sharing of information in a crisis. Attendees worried that the culture inherent in a large bureaucracy is one of information gathering, not information sharing.

Borelli, Frank. "Military and Law Enforcement Together." Law & Order (February 2002): pp. 409-11.
Abstract: With the advent of Homeland Security, a relatively new outlook is being developed among the military and law enforcement communities. Traditionally, within the military, the term "joint operations" has meant an operation involving more than one branch of service or a multinational team of service units. Today, a new type of joint operation exists that will involve segments of the country's military forces and members of law enforcement agencies. The article discusses this joining of forces.

Bush, George W. The Department of Homeland Security. Washington, DC: The White House, June 2002.
Notes: Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/toc.html
Abstract: The President of the United States' most important job is to protect and defend the American people. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, all levels of government have cooperated like never before to strengthen aviation and border security, stockpile more medicines to defend against bioterrorism, improve information sharing among our intelligence agencies, and deploy more resources and personnel to protect our critical infrastructure. The changing nature of the threats facing America requires a new government structure to protect against invisible enemies that can strike with a wide variety of weapons. Today, no one single government agency has homeland security as its primary mission. In fact, responsibilities for homeland security are dispersed among more than 100 different government agencies. This report provides an overview of the newly created Department of Homeland Security, its mission, major components, and organizational structure. (Homeland Security Act of 2002 available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/analysis)

Careless, James. "Cooperation--Key to Interoperability." Law & Order (August 2002): pp. 72-76.
Abstract: When it comes to improving radio communications between police, fire and EMS, interagency coordination is the best way to solve the problem. Public safety professionals view joint planning and cooperation as more important and more potentially effective than technological advances, new equipment, or even additional radio spectrum.

Daniels, Deborah J. "The Challenge of Domestic Terrorism to American Criminal Justice." Corrections Today (December 2002): pp. 66-69.
Abstract: Domestic terrorism poses perhaps the greatest challenge ever faced by American criminal justice. Every part of the criminal justice system is affected by terrorism in some way. In many correctional and other criminal justice agencies, employees have been called away from their regular jobs to serve on active military duty in the nation's war on terrorism. Police departments struggle with deployment when officers must be pulled off their beats to bolster security at airports, reservoirs, power plants, bridges and other critical structures. Each new anthrax incident or terrorist warning results in an increase in calls for service to investigate reports of spilled powder or suspicious packages or people. Criminal justice practitioners must be more alert to the link between terrorism and crimes such as drug trafficking, cybercrime and identify theft. With the FBI's increased focus on counterterrorism, local police and prosecutors will likely be called upon to take on a more prominent role in investigating and prosecuting bank robberies, white-collar crime, and other incidents that traditionally have been within the domain of Federal law enforcement.

Douglas, Doug. "Emergency Management and Emergency Operations Centers." Police (November 2001): pp. 32-33, 36.
Abstract: Local and state emergency management officials work with the Federal Emergency Management Agency to prepare their jurisdictions for catastrophic events, a weapons of mass destruction attack, an airliner crash, major hazardous material spills, large fires, floods and storms. Emergency operations centers (EOCs) are staffed by all the departments within jurisdictions that are responsible for critical services, including law enforcement, fire, emergency medical personnel, and power and gas. Disasters can happen anywhere and, as so poignantly demonstrated in New York, it's the EOC's job to manage them. Is your EOC up to snuff?

Flynt, Bill and Ron Olin. "The Red, Gray, and Blue Model: A New Tool to Help Law Enforcement Executives Address the Transformed Security Environment." The Police Chief (February 2002): p. 50 (5).
Abstract: Although many senior law enforcement executives are trained in crisis and consequence management, the response to catastrophic terrorism requires new priorities and responsibilities. The authors describe one model of assessing one's community threat levels--the red, gray, and blue model. It is a starting point for organizations that wish to conduct an analysis of their community threat levels and their most fundamental, macro policies, including organizational force design, equipment provision, training, and even recruitment. The article discusses this model in detail.

Gaseau, Michelle. "Crime Prevention, Post-9/11: Sheriffs' Offices Meet the Challenge." Sheriff (September-October 2002): pp. 32-34.
Abstract: Since September 11, 2001, the world of law enforcement has changed. Sheriffs find themselves taking on new roles and responsibilities in the wake of that tragic day. What follows is a look at how several sheriffs' offices are meeting the challenge of preventing possible terrorist attacks and protecting their communities.

Hickman, Matthew J. and Brian A. Reaves. "Local Police and Homeland Security: Some Baseline Data." The Police Chief (October 2002): pp. 83-85, 88.
Abstract: Following the tragic events of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent focus on homeland security, a new role has emerged for state and local law enforcement. The reality of terrorist "sleepers" living within US borders, combined with the discovery that at least three of the September 11 hijackers had contacts with state and local law enforcement officers in the weeks and months leading up to the attacks, have made it clear that domestic terrorism is increasingly a local concern. State and local agencies are now being asked to play a much larger part in what has traditionally been a Federal concern, not only as first responders to terrorist incidents but also as primary gatherers of intelligence. The ability to quickly compile, process, and disseminate intelligence about persons and groups is critical to the maintenance of homeland security. In order to assist state and local law enforcement in effectively fulfilling this new role, Federal funding has been made available (through the USA Patriot Act of 2001) for the development and enhancement of law enforcement information systems relating to terrorism, with a particular emphasis on information sharing. This article discusses the use of the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics program as a source of baseline data collection.

International Association of Chiefs of Police. Leading From the Front: Law Enforcement's Role in Combating and Preparing for Domestic Terrorism. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chief of Police, 2002.
Notes: Available full-text at www.theiacp.org
Abstract: In response to the terrorist acts of September 11, the largest criminal investigation ever conducted is underway; military actions against terrorist strongholds are being taken; and new procedures, legislation, and laws are being prepared. However, while we strengthen our efforts to thwart future terrorist attacks, democratic nations must maintain their founding principles of freedom, civil liberties, and individual rights. The investigation and response--more than any other before it--will be a balancing act of pursuing intelligence leads and adhering to the policies that protect our cherished individual rights. No matter how the future unfolds, local law enforcement will be on the front lines. In democratic societies, an enormous degree of responsibility and authority for public security is historically delegated to the local government, particularly to police agencies. As the September 11, 2001, attacks show, the local police will often be the first responders to any and all incidents. This document first discusses what every chief should know about weapons of mass destruction that terrorists are likely to use and then chronologically sets out an overview of critical elements that need attention at the three stages of an event: before, during, and after an incident.

Jones, Radford W., et al. "Critical Incident Protocol--A Public and Private Partnership." 2000. [http://www.cj.msu.edu/~outreach/CIP/cip.html].
Abstract: This publication discusses the essential and beneficial process of the public and private sectors working together to plan for emergencies. Important elements include planning, mitigation, business recovery, lessons learned, best practices and plan exercising. Whether it is a minor incident or a major terrorist activity involving weapons of mass destruction, the community's collective resources must unite and work to understand the processes necessary to resolve the matter.

McVey, Philip M. "An Effective Homeland Defense Partnership." The Police Chief (April 2002): p. 174 (6).
Abstract: A whole is only as strong as its individual parts. This truism applies to everything from physical structures to social institutions. It should also apply to US law enforcement as these dedicated professionals prepare to defend the nation against acts of terrorism. Due to the Federal government's overwhelming financial and intelligence-gathering resources, it is only reasonable in most instances for local law enforcement agencies to defer to Federal authorities in this matter. In addition, since terrorism has not generally fallen within the operational realm of local law enforcement, many agencies are concerned that they may act in a way that is counterproductive to future strategic policies. This describes the current dilemma for many local law enforcement professionals. They can do nothing and wait for direction, or they can do something that may possibly be wrong. Unfortunately, history clearly demonstrates that when a nation becomes engaged in a war against a guerrilla organization operating in its terrorist phase, waiting can put local law enforcement so far behind the resulting operational curve that it may not recover without incurring significant capital resource losses. Fortunately, there is another alternative for local law enforcement. It begins with the basic realization that any proposal forthcoming from Federal agencies will likely be only strategically general, and that each jurisdiction will have to interpret such a proposal according to the area's unique risk factors and operational capabilities. This article discusses the basic steps for local law enforcement to reach the same operational competency level when counterterrorist campaigns are begun in their jurisdictions.

Meek, James Gordon. "Reorganizing the FBI." Law & Order (September 2002): pp. 147-51.
Abstract: Federal agents took a severe beating last summer for pre-September 11 intelligence lapses. The FBI reform and reorganization was in the works before the attacks, but Director Robert S. Mueller accelerated it considerably as Bureau lapses came to light in weeks of intense media coverage.

Mulligan, Mike. "Federal Air Marshals: Protecting the Not-So Friendly Skies." SWAT (May 2002): pp. 26-28.
Abstract: Because of the recent attacks within the United States, the Federal Air Marshal program is growing into one of America's major weapons in the war on terrorism. Their mission is to protect the traveling public, passengers and flight crews on US carriers both on domestic and international flights and to ensure compliance with certain FAA directives on all flights into or out of the United States. This article gives an overview of the Federal Air Marshal program, its history, qualifications, and training.

Office of Homeland Security. "National Strategy for Homeland Security." July 2002. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/book/].
Abstract: This document is the first National Strategy for Homeland Security and its purpose is to mobilize and organize the nation to secure the US homeland from terrorist attacks. It is an exceedingly complex mission that requires coordinated and focused effort from our entire society--the Federal government, state and local governments, the private sector, and the American people. The Strategy aligns and focuses homeland security functions into six critical mission areas: intelligence and warning, border and transportation security, domestic, counterterrorism, protecting critical infrastructure, defending against catastrophic terrorism, and emergency preparedness and response. The first three mission areas focus primarily on preventing terrorist attacks; the next two on reducing the nation's vulnerabilities; and the final one on minimizing the damage and recovering from attacks that do occur. It also provides a framework to align the resources of the Federal budget directly to the task of securing the homeland.

Rand Corporation. Organizing for Homeland Security. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 2002. Call Number: HV 6432 .O64 2002
Abstract: In response to the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the President put in place a new organizational structure for ensuring the security of the American homeland. This paper discusses the critical issues involved in designing the homeland security organization and in achieving its goals. It first compares existing coordinating organizations responsible for national security, economics, intelligence, and drug control. Next, it presents the restructuring recommendations of three commissions and a nongovernmental group. Each of these recognized the need to integrate foreign and domestic counterterrorism activities, but they disagreed on whether to rely on the current National Security Council organization or create a new coordinating process. They assigned different priorities to changing current budgetary practices, and they also disagreed on the need for consolidating some of the operating homeland security agencies and offices. This issue paper then describes in some detail the responsibilities of the new homeland security organization, and concludes by offering suggestions about how the new homeland security organization should proceed on some of the most critical issues that it will confront.

Root, Oren. "The Administration of Justice Under Emergency Conditions: Lessons Following the Attack on the World Trade Center." January 2002. [www.vera.org].
Abstract: At 8:45 am, on the morning of September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 11, commandeered by a team of hijackers, slammed into the north tower of the 110-story World Trade Center. Fifteen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the center's south tower. In little more than an hour, the twin colossi that once dominated lower Manhattan's skyline collapsed in flames, leaving thousands dead and wounded and the surrounding business district cloaked in chaos, smoke and debris. The attack, part of a larger assault in which two other hijacked planes crashed into the Pentagon and a field in Pennsylvania, shocked the world. On a more practical level, in much of New York City, essential services were disrupted, including the administration of justice. Because Manhattan's principal courthouses were in sprinting distance from the disaster site, the courts found themselves on the front line of the disaster. Less than an hour after the worst terrorist attack in American history, New York's Chief Judge, Judith S. Kaye, opened a long-planned national conference in Albany on Access to Justice. Most of the state and city administrative judges were in attendance. Judge Kaye's words on September 11 would guide the court system for weeks to come. The justice system will go forward, she said. This report examines how the justice system responded to the crisis.

Stevens, Paul Schott. US Armed Forces and Homeland Defense: The Legal Framework. Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2001. Call Number: KF 5060 .S74 2001
Abstract: After the terrorist attacks on America in New York and Washington, it was clearly understood that the defense of the United States at home is as urgent and important a mission for our government as is our defense effort abroad. This development has been anticipated. After the end of the Cold War, measures to defend the American homeland against terror attacks, especially with weapons of mass destruction, have received increasing attention by defense experts and have been addressed by several government commissions. Today, not only has the Department of Homeland Security been created, but the President announced that dozens of Federal departments and agencies, as well as state and local governments, have responsibilities affecting homeland security. One of the departments is the Department of Defense, who, minutes after the three terrorist air strikes of September 11, had fighter aircraft on patrol over New York and Washington to protect against further attacks. This report discusses the nature and extent of the President's authority to assign the armed forces a major role in domestic defense. In particular, it provides a framework within which to consider fundamental legal considerations that arise in the context of the military's involvement with homeland defense.

Walker, David M. Homeland Security: Challenges and Strategies in Addressing Short- and Long-Term National Needs. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, November 7, 2001. Notes: Available full-text at www.gao.gov
Abstract: In his testimony before the Committee on the Budget, US House of Representatives, the Comptroller General of the United States discusses the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that have profoundly changed the agendas of the Congress, the White House, Federal agencies, state and local governments, and a number of private sector entities, while simultaneously altering the way of life for many Americans. He states that the grave events of September 11th not only ended the debate about whether threats to our homeland are real, but also shattered the false sense of invulnerability within our nation's borders. And that at the same time, the aftermath of the attacks also clearly demonstrates the spirit of America and the enormous capacity of this nation to unite; to coordinate efforts among Federal, state and local agencies, as well as among private businesses, community groups, and individual citizens in response to a crisis; and to make the sacrifices necessary to respond both to these new threats and the consequences they entail. He outlines a framework for addressing Federal efforts to improve homeland security and the fiscal implications of these actions.