Altschiller, Donald. Hate Crimes: A Reference Book. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1999. Call Number: HV 6773.52.A47 1999 REF
Notes: Reference books do not circulate; must be used in the library.
Abstract: Surveys the history of some of the main targets of hate crimes in the United States, along with a chronology of some of the crimes committed.

Anderson, James F., et al. "Preventing Hate Crime and Profiling Hate Crime Offenders." Western Journal of Black Studies Vol. 26, no. No. 3(2002): pp. 140-148. Notes: Available full text on Infotrac.
Abstract: Despite the Hate Crime Statistics Act, signed into law by President George W. Bush making hate crimes a federal offense, these types of crimes appear to be continuing into the millennium. This paper addresses what can be done to prevent these crimes from occurring in the future and how to profile those with a propensity to act on hate.

Bell, Jeannine. Policing Hatred: Law Enforcement, Civil Rights, and Hate Crime. New York: New York University Press, 2002. Call Number: KF 9345.B45 2002
Abstract: This ethnographic study of how hate-crime law works in practice from the perspective of those enforcing it. It examines the ways in which the police handle bias crimes, and the social impact of those enforcing it.

Blee, Kathleen M. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003. Call Number: HV 6773.2.B54 2003
Abstract: The author has produced a fascinating account of women in extreme racist movements. She analyzes the place of women in the racist culture of violence, and in so doing she challenges many preconceptions.

Bouman, Walter. "Best Practices of a Hate/Bias Crime Investigation." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (March 2003): pp. 21-25.
Abstract: Law enforcement agencies and officers need to know the issues, guidelines and action steps that comprise an effective hate/bias crime response and investigation. Law enforcement agencies also should ensure that investigators receive training in such critical elements as understanding the role of the investigators, identifying a hate/bias crime, classifying an offender, interviewing a victim, relating to a community and prosecuting an offender.

Bushart, Howard L., et al. Soldiers of God: White Supremacists and Their Holy War for America. New York: Kensington Books, 1998. Call Number: E 184.A1B92 1998
Abstract: From the Ku Klux Klan to Aryan Nations, the groups profiled in this book are organized, armed and growing. Written with complete cooperation of the leaders of these groups, it is the first book to let these master minds of hatred speak their minds in their own words. This book is a clear window into the minds of the White Supremacist, and only through such books as this can we understand the depths of their hatred and the lengths to which they will go.

Craig, Kellina M. "Retaliation, Fear, or Rage: An Investigation of African American and White Reactions to Racist Hate Crimes." Journal of Interpersonal Violence (February 1999): pp. 138-51.
Abstract: A study was conducted in an effort to establish whether hate crimes produce more harm than similarly egregious crimes. Craig discusses the findings in terms of the utility of current hate crime legislation as well as the implications of the observed emotional responses from a sample of African American and white males.

Dees, Morris. HATE.COM: Extremists on the Internet. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2000. Call Number: E 184.A1H37 2000 VHS
Notes: 42 min, color.
Abstract: This chilling program addresses the use of the Internet to spread messages of hate and violence. Don Black, founder of Storm Front; Matt Hale, founder of the World Church of the Creator; Richard Butler, founder of Aryan Nations and Christian Identity; and Dr. William Pierce, founder of the National Alliance and author of the Turner Diaries, expound their doctrines, tactics, and goals. Profiles of "lone wolves"-- individuals incited to commit violence and bias crimes--include Timothy McVeigh, Benjamin Smith, the lynchers of James Byrd, and others.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Hate Crime Statistics. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/o1hate.pdp: U.S. Department of Justice, 2001.
Call Number: J 1.14/2:C 86/1/17/2001
Abstract: As part of the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program's National Incident-Based Reporting System, this annual collection of hate crime statistics is designed to capture information about the type of bias serving as the motivating factor, the nature of the offense and the characteristics of the victims and offenders.

Glaser, Jack, et al. "Studying Hate Crime With the Internet: What Makes Racists Advocate Racial Violence?" Journal of Social Issues (Spring 2002): pp. 177-94.
Abstract: The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 38 participants in white racist Internet chat rooms, examining the extent to which people would, in this unique environment, advocate interracial violence in response to purported economic and cultural threats. Capitalizing on the anonymity and candor of chat room interactions, this study provides an unusual perspective on extremist attitudes. Qualitative and quantitative analyses indicate that the respondents were most threatened by interracial marriage and, to a lesser extent, blacks moving into white neighborhoods. In contrast, job competition posed by blacks evoked very little advocacy of violence. The study affords an assessment of the advantages and limitations of Internet-based research with clandestine populations.

Grattet, Ryken and Valerie Jenness. "Examining the Boundaries of Hate Crime Law: Disabilities and the 'Dilemma of Difference'." Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology (Spring 2001): pp. 653-74.
Abstract: Discusses whether all victims of crime should be treated the same or whether some victims of crime, namely people who face unique barriers when accessing the criminal justice system and pursuing justice, should be distinguished and treated differently. The authors address the contours of and justifications for status provisions, especially "disabilities," in American hate crime law.

Harper, Gary W. and Margaret Schneider. "Oppression and Discrimination Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered People and Communities: A Challenge for Community Psychology." American Journal of Community Psychology (June 2003): pp. 243-48. Notes: Available full text on Infotrac.
Abstract: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) people continue to experience various forms of oppression and discrimination in North America and throughout the world, despite the social, legal and political advances that have been launched in an attempt to grant LGBT people basic human rights. Even though LGBT people and communities have been actively engaged in community organizing and social action efforts since the early twentieth century, research on LGBT issues has been conspicuously absent within the very field of psychology that is explicitly focused on community research and action--Community Psychology. The psychological and social impact of oppression, rejection, discrimination, harassment and violence on LGBT people is reviewed.

Husselbee, L. Paul and Larry Elliot. "Looking Beyond Hate: How National and Regional Newspapers Framed Hate Crimes in Jasper, Texas and Laramie, Wyoming." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (Winter 2002): pp. 833-52.
Abstract: Journalists frame issues by emphasizing some issues over others, affecting news consumers' awareness and perception of public problems and concerns. Journalistic credibility suffers from public perception that reporters do not show respect for the communities they cover and that they chase "sensational" stories that sell newspapers or grab the attention of viewers. This study analyzes national and regional newspaper coverage of two sensational hate crimes to determine how reporters framed the communities of Jasper, Texas, and Laramie, Wyoming, in the wake of two brutal murders.

Jackson, Ronald L. "Mommy, There's a Nigger at the Door." Journal of Counseling & Development (Winter 1999): pp. 4-6.
Abstract: This essay implicitly argues that self-exploration and monitoring is the key to human and spiritual evolvement and racial cohesion. The author believes the processes of self-exploration and self-definition begin in early childhood as we emulate our parents' behaviors, gestures and attitudes.

Jackson, Ronald L. and Susan M. Heckman. "Perceptions of White Identity and White Liability: An Analysis of White Student Responses to a College Campus Racial Hate Crime." Journal of Communication (June 2002): pp. 434-50.
Abstract: This study takes a qualitative approach to understanding perceptions of white student identity in response to a racial hate email circulated to minority students throughout a predominantly white university campus community in the U.S. in 1999. This investigation adopts a critical white studies framework. Results indicated that even though white students did not feel the need to identify themselves as "white" because of its sense of normalcy, they still enjoyed and expected the privileges of being a member of that race. There is also a sense that their whiteness is perceived as a negative attribute that now places them at a perceptual disadvantage in society. Additionally, the participants reported that their whiteness should not be used as a marker of liability for continuing racial hate against minorities.

Koppel, Ted. Hate and the Internet: Web Sites and the Issue of Free Speech. Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 1999. Call Number: TK 5105.875.I57H384 1999 Notes: 22 min., color.
Abstract: What is the price of free speech? Protected by their First Amendment rights and the Internet's cultural philosophy of "post it all and let the readers decide," American hate groups are having a field day on the World Wide Web, creating virulent communities of intolerance. In this program, ABC News anchor Ted Koppel investigates the proliferation of hate online with Don Black, founder of the white nationalist Web site Storm Front, and Floyd Abrams, a First Amendment attorney who has represented The New York Times and ABC News. Together they discuss both the medium and the message, plus the controversial issue of content filtering.

Lawrence, Frederick M. " Enforcing Bias-Crime Laws Without Bias: Evaluating the Disproportionate-Enforcement Critique." Law and Contemporary Problems (Summer 2003): pp. 49-70. Notes: Available full text on Infotrac.
Abstract: Beware the critique based in a desire to protect the audience from itself. One of the standard arguments asserted by those who have challenged the efficacy, propriety and legality of bias-crime laws is that these laws will harm the very people they are designed to protect. This disproportionate-enforcement critique argues that bias-crime laws, as implemented, will disproportionately be used against minority defendants and will otherwise cause disproportionate harm to minority groups. This essay addresses the disproportionate-enforcement critique on a number of levels and concludes that there is insufficient basis to accept the critique, that the critique is largely based on a misunderstanding of the goal of bias-crime laws, and that, although the critique should make us mindful of the potential for disproportionate-enforcement of the criminal laws generally, it ought not to call into serious question the overall project of enforcing laws against bias-motivated violence.

________. Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes Under American Law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. Call Number: KF 9345.L39 1999
Abstract: Bias crimes are a scourge on our society. Is there a more terrifying image in the mind's eye than that of a burning cross? Punishing Hate examines the nature of bias-motivated violence and provides a foundation for understanding bias crimes and their treatment under the U.S legal system.

Levin, Kacj and Jack McDevitt. Hate Crimes Revisited: America's War Against Those Who Are Different. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002. Call Number: HV 6773.52.L48 2002
Abstract: Provides readers with up-to-date illustrations of hate crime in the U.S., as well as provocative ways of thinking about the social, political and global consequences of such crime.

Mueck, Robert P. "Racial Epithets by Police Officers." Law & Order (May 2000): pp. 28-32.
Abstract: Even though it may not be against the law to use racial slurs, it is against departmental policy and officer ethics. Professional officers must remove racial talk from their vocabulary and set the example for the common citizen, as well as their fellow officers.

Olson, Kathryn M. "Detecting a Common Interpretive Framework for Impersonal Violence: The Homology in Participants' Rhetoric on Sport Hunting, 'Hate Crimes,' and Stranger Rape." Southern Communication Journal (Spring 2002): pp. 215-44.
Abstract: Based on the discourse of sport hunters, "hate criminals," and stranger rapists, this essay argues that a common interpretive framework rhetorically informs all three activities. The four features of the homology identified are: (a) the hunter/predator symbolically constructs and physically initiates an adversarial relationship with non-consenting victims/prey class members, (b) victims/prey class members are selected opportunistically and constructed impersonally as relatively interchangeable class representatives, (c) hunters/predators distance and impersonalise victims/prey, without objectifying them or diminishing their presumed potency or the status accompanying conquering them, and (d) hunters/predators express a desire to physically assert, and take pleasure in exhibiting dominance and superior hierarchical status. This essay argues that this interpretive framework is a variation on, rather than a deviation from, mainstream American society's motivational rhetoric.

Perry, Barbara [ed.]. Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003. Call Number: HV 6773.2.H38 2003
Abstract: This book is the first collection to bring together the essential literature on bias-motivated crimes by the most respected scholars in the field. The essays draw upon an array of academic disciplines, including sociology, criminology, psychology, political science, history, and law. It establishes a comprehensive understanding of these crimes. By providing a coherent view of an otherwise diverse field, the anthology moves beyond black and white issues in its focus on minority violence, analyzes the rise in terrorism since the September 11th attacks, and discusses strategies for preventing and combating these crimes. Completely current and up-to-date, this volume also includes useful information on recent hate crime legislation, hate crime statistics and anti-hate resources.

Roleff, T. L. Hate Groups: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 1999. Call Number: HV 6773.52.H37 1999
Abstract: These 24 excerpts from books, journals, newspapers, and other sources present contrasting perspectives regarding hate groups and focus on the issues of whether they are a serious problem, whether certain groups promote hate and violence, the threat posed by the militia movement, and how hate crimes and terrorism can be reduced.

Schafer, John R. and Joe Navarro. "The Seven-Stage Hate Model: The Psychopathology of Hate Groups." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (March 2003): pp. 1-7.
Abstract: Understanding hate groups is essential for the development and implementation of successful intervention strategies, which depend on an understanding of the hate process. The proposed hate model consists of seven stages, including how hate groups define themselves, how hate groups target their victims and taunt them with verbal insults and offensive gestures, and how hate groups attack their victims with or without weapons.

Singh, Amardeep. "We Are Not the Enemy": Hate Crimes Against Arabs, Muslims, and Those Perceived to Be Arab or Muslim After September 11. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch, 2002. Call Number: JC 571.H57 v. 14, no. 6
Abstract: In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, Arabs and Muslims in the United States, and those perceived to be Arab or Muslim, such as Sikhs and South Asians, became victims of a severe wave of backlash violence. In this report, Human Rights Watch documents the nature of the backlash violence and the local, state, and Federal government responses to it. Drawing on research in six large cities, Human Rights Watch identified public practices used to protect individuals and communities from hate crimes. The report focuses particularly on four areas of response: police deployment, prosecutions, bias crime monitoring, and outreach to affected communities.